Abstract

Tailored medicine, often termed precision medicine as well as personalized medicine, is a medical model that categorizes individuals into distinct groups, with medical decisions, practices, interventions, and products customized based on each patient’s anticipated response or disease risk. The terms tailored medicine, personalized medicine, precision medicine, stratified medicine, and P4 medicine are frequently used interchangeably to describe this approach, some authors and organizations distinguish between these terms based on specific nuances. P4 medicine stands for ‘predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory. Personalized medicine aims to guide patients in selecting the appropriate medication at the right dosage and timing. Researchers have been investigating innovative approaches to advance personalized medicine, such as molecular diagnostics, pharmacogenomics, genetic profiling, artificial intelligence, and three-dimensional printing technology. Numerous technologies are emerging that facilitate a shift from the conventional ‘one size fits all’ approach to personalized medicine, with three-dimensional printing being a key player