Abstract

Background: Vaccines have played a critical role in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, greatly lowering worldwide morbidity and mortality. This review examines many forms of vaccinations. In contrast, inactivated vaccines, such as the polio vaccine, are safer for immune compromised people, they frequently require booster shots. Aim: This review emphasises the importance of vaccinations in public health and the need for innovation to tackle future infectious disease threats. The introduction of new pathogens has prompted the creation of novel vaccination platforms, including mRNA and viral vector vaccines. mRNA vaccines, such as those used to treat COVID-19, use genetic instructions to direct cells to manufacture antigens, resulting in strong immunity. Conclusion: These vaccines have demonstrated excellent efficacy and rapid scaling, making those valuable instruments in pandemics. This review emphasises the necessity of designing vaccine methods that meet individual illnesses, demographics, and logistical obstacles. While vaccinations have considerably reduced the occurrence of infectious diseases, more research is needed to address future threats, improve vaccine efficacy, and overcome obstacles such as vaccine reluctance and global inequities. Understanding the capabilities and limits of each vaccine type will help researchers and policymakers better equip healthcare systems to address current and future infectious disease concerns.