Abstract

Aphasia, a multifaceted disorder of language caused by brain injury, presents profound challenges to communication, quality of life, and healthcare systems. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the neuroanatomical, pathophysiological, and clinical dimensions of aphasia, emphasizing the pivotal role of the left hemisphere and key neural structures, such as Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, in language processing. The article explores the classification systems distinguishing fluent and non-fluent aphasia, including syndromes like Broca’s, Wernicke’s, and global aphasia, alongside atypical forms such as primary progressive aphasia. It examines diagnostic approaches, encompassing standardized tests and neuroimaging techniques, which offer insights into the localization and extent of brain damage. Treatment strategies are critically reviewed, from traditional speech-language therapy and pharmacological interventions to cutting-edge advancements in neuroimaging, brain-computer interfaces, and non-invasive neuromodulation techniques like transcranial magnetic stimulation. The review also highlights the importance of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems and multidisciplinary collaboration in fostering recovery. Furthermore, emerging research on neuroplasticity, genetic predispositions, and the challenges of bilingualism underscores the complexity of predicting individual recovery trajectories. By bridging the domains of neuroscience and rehabilitation, this article provides a comprehensive perspective on aphasia, charting a path toward innovative, patient-centered therapies that harness the potential of personalized medicine and technology-driven solutions.