Abstract

The review bridges the gap between traditional and modern agroforestry systems, drawing insights from scientific literature and practical applications in farmer fields, while outlining their ecological and socio-economic implications. Agroforestry, an ancient practice of integrating trees, crops, and livestock, has evolved into a sustainable agricultural model addressing pressing challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and food security. Traditional agroforestry, rooted in holistic organic farming, emphasizes biodiversity, soil health, and ecosystem resilience. It leverages indigenous knowledge and natural processes, fostering low-input, eco-friendly practices that enhance livelihoods and cultural heritage. These systems effectively combat climate-related perturbations, offering long-term ecological stability and socio-cultural resilience. Conversely, modern agroforestry incorporates advancements such as precision farming, improved crop varieties, and mechanization to maximize productivity and integrate with global markets. While these methods enhance output efficiency and market viability, they may inadvertently reduce biodiversity and increase reliance on synthetic inputs, posing sustainability concerns. The paper explores the distinct benefits of both systems and underscores the potential for synergistic integration. By blending traditional ecological knowledge with frontier technologies like artificial intelligence, remote sensing, and sustainable mechanization, agroforestry can address food, fuel, and fiber demands while bolstering ecosystem resilience. The review also advocates for policies that support hybrid agroforestry models, promoting innovation while safeguarding ecological integrity and socio-cultural values. Such integrated approaches can redefine global agriculture, ensuring sustainable food security, environmental preservation, and cultural continuity. The convergence of age-old wisdom with cutting-edge science represents a transformative pathway for achieving sustainable agricultural landscapes.