Abstract

Cancer and immunity are intricately linked, as the immune system plays a pivotal role in identifying and eliminating cancerous cells. However, cancer cells can evade the immune system through various mechanisms, such as expressing proteins that suppress immune responses or creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Micronutrients, including vitamins and trace minerals, play a crucial role in modulating the immune system’s response to cancer. These essential nutrients support various cellular functions and biochemical pathways that are pivotal for maintaining immune surveillance and combating tumor growth. Vitamins such as A, C, D, and E, and minerals like zinc, selenium, and iron, have been shown to influence the activity of immune cells, including T-cells, B-cells, and increase the capacity of natural killer cells to identify and eliminate cancer cells. Additionally, micronutrients contribute to the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which are critical in the tumor microenvironment. Micronutrients, also play complex roles in cancer processes such as tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance. However, the complexity of their interactions and the need for precise dosing highlight the necessity for further research to fully elucidate their role and optimize their use in cancer immunity.