Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, age-associated neurodegenerative disorder affecting the central nervous system, leading to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which disrupts midbrain function. While the exact cause remains unclear, several factors like oxidative stress, genetic mutations, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation (especially α-synuclein), and neuroinflammation play key roles in the disease’s pathophysiology. Current treatment primarily focuses on symptom relief through both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic medications. However, these therapies often have limitations, including multiple side effects and significant economic burdens. If medication therapy fails to adequately alleviate the patient’s symptoms, surgery becomes the next option. Despite these treatments, there remains a need to explore new therapeutic approaches that could be effective against Parkinson’s disease while minimizing side effects.