Abstract

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that arises as a late complication of measles virus infection, typically 7-10 years post-exposure. Despite the availability of effective measles vaccines, SSPE remains a significant concern, particularly in regions with fluctuating vaccination rates. This review explores the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and treatment options for SSPE, emphasizing the disease’s progression and current management strategies. The pathophysiology of SSPE involves the persistent presence of the wild-type measles virus in the central nervous system, leading to a cascade of neuronal destruction and neurological deterioration. Clinically, SSPE manifests through a four-stage progression: initial cognitive decline and behavioral changes, followed by movement disorders and seizures, and culminating in severe neurological deficits and vegetative states. Diagnosis is primarily based on patient history, clinical symptoms, and laboratory findings including elevated anti-measles antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid, characteristic electroencephalographic patterns, and MRI abnormalities. Current treatment modalities are primarily symptomatic, including the use of antiviral agents such as isoprinosine and ribavirin, with varying degrees of success. Research into novel therapies and optimal treatment regimens continues, focusing on improving patient outcomes and extending survival. Additionally, there is an urgent need for increased vaccination coverage and public health initiatives to prevent measles and, consequently, SSPE. In conclusion, while SSPE remains a devastating condition with limited treatment options, proactive vaccination strategies and ongoing research are crucial for the prevention and management of this severe sequela of measles infection.