Abstract

Diabetes is a chronic disease that arises when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body is unable to use the insulin effectively it produces. Insulin is a hormone that controls blood sugar. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and obesity already represent 2 of the most prominent risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and are destined to increase in importance given the global changes in lifestyle. With rapidly increasing prevalence, diabetes has become one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. According to the latest studies, genetic information makes substantial contributions towards the prediction of diabetes risk and individualized ant diabetic treatment. To date, approximately 70 susceptibility genes have been identified as being associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) at a genome-wide significant. New agents that better target insulin deficiency and insulin resistance, rapid- and long-acting insulin analogues that provide tight glucose control 24-hours a day, and noninvasive monitoring devices and insulin pumps allow physicians and patients to tailor treatment to each individual’s particular needs and concerns.