Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is defined as a chronic condition characterized by raised levels of glucose in the blood because the body cannot produce any or enough of the hormone insulin or use insulin effectively [1]. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in its 8th edition, in 2017, there were more than 318 million adult persons at high risk of developing diabetes, in the same year, 425 million adults had diabetes and by 2045 this number is projected to get to 629 million [2]. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), resulting from relative insulin deficiency, insulin resistance or both represent more than 90% of diabetes cases. Like most cardio-metabolic diseases such as obesity, hypertension, ketosis prone diabetes (KPD), T2DM is a multifactorial disease with a complex interactions of environmental and genetic factors. Also people with a family history of these diseases are at a higher risk of developing T2DM [3].