Abstract

Tiny fragments of plastic particles termed as Microplastic collectively pose an invisible threat to human health through contamination of air, water, soil, and food. The loading of microplastics in the environment has increased significantly in recent decades due to the dramatic rise in plastic production and use, driven by its affordability, lightweight nature, moisture resistance, tensile strength, and durability. Poor management and inadequate recycling of plastic waste have further exacerbated the concentration of microplastic particles in global water bodies. Microplastics transport heavy metals, pathogens, and pollutants; and support microbial biofilm growth with algae, fungi, and bacteria. They accumulate in human tissues and cells, potentially inducing cardiovascular toxicity through interaction with plasma proteins, leading to heart dysfunction. India’s major river systems show microplastic pollution levels exceeding 6,000 particles m-3. The pollutant has moved from these systems to the food chain and even to edible salts. Plastic recycling industries also contribute as a point source of microplastics. Due to lack of adequate control and remediation measures, current mitigative measures for microplastic pollution primarily rely on the 5 R’s (Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, and Recycle) at the stakeholder level.