Arthritis, a debilitating condition affecting millions worldwide, presents a significant healthcare challenge. Arthritis, a leading cause of disability worldwide, encompasses a group of inflammatory joint disorders that affect millions of individuals globally. This manuscript aims to elucidate the latest advancements in orthopaedic research pertaining to the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of arthritis. We explore the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors contributing to arthritis development, with a focus on osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Additionally, we delve into emerging diagnostic modalities and innovative therapeutic interventions, including disease-modifying drugs, biologics, regenerative medicine approaches, and surgical techniques. Despite advances in understanding the pathogenesis, effective management of arthritis remains a challenge. This review aims to elucidate innovative treatment approaches for arthritis, encompassing pharmacological, regenerative, and surgical modalities, with a focus on improving patient outcomes and quality of life.